A Brief Note On Collaboration And Teamwork Among Health Care

Introduction The capacity and disciplines sustaining human medicine and patient care overlap diverse fields. A patient admitted to the health care facility is typically under the care of a specific team of professionals who provide effective care by collaborating with other professionals in interrelated field of medicine. Collaboration and teamwork among health care professionals is fundamentally the key to positive patient outcomes. Essentially, each member of the health care team is specifically trained in distinctive knowledge and skill that enables them to be most excellent and do their very best in their specific roles. Working together as a team engenders specific strengths of each discipline to focus on the care of the patient, complements and augments any weaknesses or flaws of other teammates. Applicably, effective interdisciplinary relationships in the health care system, decrease costs and improve patient satisfaction, while improving general health care worker satisfacti on. In this paper I will discuss various health care interdisciplinary relationships, including radiology, working in the emergency room, and working with the pharmaceutical company that market department needs to foster effective collaboration with the development department. Also, I discuss ways to avoid and resolve conflict, how to work as a team and collaborate with other departments, and ways to improve the process. Furthermore, how interdisciplinary relationships affect myShow MoreRelatedCommunication Between Nurses And Physicians2312 Words   |  10 Pageseffective care for patients. The risk for error decreases significantly when physicians are able to devise a plan of care along with their patients and nurses, so that all of the members of the interdisciplinary team are in accordance with one another (Casanova et al., 2007). The effective communication in hospital settings amongst all medical staff has shown that not only has the efficiency between physicians and nurses im proved, but overall, job satisfaction amongst such medical care providersRead MoreNursing Shortage Essay1816 Words   |  8 PagesNursing shortage According to Canadian Nurses Association(2009), human health resources have stated that by the end of 2011 Canada will experience shortage of 78 000 registered Nurses (RN) and shortage of 113 000 nurses by the end of 2016. Globally there will be shortage of 4.3 million health care workers. It was also shown that approximately 38% of new graduate nurses leave their workforce within the first year of employment (Lavoie-Tremblay, Wright, Desforges, Gelinas, Drevniok Marchionni, 2008)Read MorePolicy, Politics and Global Trends Essay7576 Words   |  31 PagesPOLICY, POLITICS GLOBAL HEALTH TRENDS POLICY ANALYSIS TASK Introduction: This assignment requires that I develop and thoroughly analyze a public policy in order to advocate for one that improves the health of the public and/or the nursing profession globally (local, state, national or international). To do this, I must reflect on several aspects of being a policy maker within the nursing profession. I was instructed to consider the following:  · Why did I select the health or nursing professionRead MoreTeam Performance: Improve Patient Safety and Quality Essay2310 Words   |  10 Pagespatient outcomes, has grabbed the attention of leadership at all healthcare organizations. Additionally, our system wide organization’s employee culture of safety survey has shown that communication and teamwork are areas were improvements are needed. Years of research on communication and teamwork in highly reliable organizations support a correlation with safety. (XX) One of the most important and highly touted Joint Commission, National Patient Safety Goals is to improve communication across theRead MoreNursing Vision: Educational Strategies to Transform Students Into Leaders2542 Words   |  10 Pagesnumber of masters degrees awarded to nurses in the U.S. increased by 150% between 1971 and 2005; in Ireland the number of masters degrees awarded jumped by 170% between 2000 and 2007 (Drennan, 103). By moving the emphasis from patient-centered care to the broader perspective of healthcare, the masters teaches leadership (Drennan, 103). 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Mutual authority is an ideal of nursing training intended to assimilate fundamental principles and theories that proficient teaching embodies, as a resource of attaining excellence in the delivery of care. Effort arrangement is presented as an ideal characteristic that symbolizes the attitude needed in carrying out nursing tasks and skills. Mutual authority is presented to increase and enhance nurses’ work atmosphere, fulfillment, and preservation.Read MoreMock Strategic Plan For California Hospital Medical Center Essay3834 Words   |  16 PagesCalifornia Hospital Medical Center b) California hospital medical center (CHMC) is a member of Dignity health, a California based not-for-profit corporation located in California. Founded in 1986 by the Sisters of Mercy under the name Catholic Healthcare West, Dignity health operates hospitals and ancillary services in seventeen different states and it is the fifth largest health system in the nation. CHMC, is located in the South Park district of downtown Los Angeles. It serves the SouthRead MorePfizer Marketing Plan9798 Words   |  40 PagesExecutive Summary: The following marketing plan will focus on how Pfizer, the leading company in the pharmaceutical industry will perform in tough competition conditions. A brief introduction of the field of pharmaceutical will be highlighted along with a short introduction about the company and its history. A market analysis will be performed to study the different factors affecting the pharmaceutical industry as a whole and our company specifically. The market analysis will give us a clearRead MorePfizer Marketing Plan9783 Words   |  40 PagesExecutive Summary: The following marketing plan will focus on how Pfizer, the leading company in the pharmaceutical industry will perform in tough competition conditions. A brief introduction of the field of pharmaceutical will be highlighted along with a short introduction about the company and its history. A market analysis will be performed to study the different factors affecting the pharmaceutical industry as a whole and our company specifically. The market analysis will give us

The Influx Of Children From Central America - 1291 Words

The influx of children to the United States from Central America and how the U.S. is handling it Between 1st October, 2013 and 31 July, 2014, the United States Customs and Border Protection reported that likely 63 thousand unaccompanied children, most of them coming from the Central America region, crossed into the United States through the southern border. The figure is a representation of double the total number of children who immigrated to the US in similar period on the previous years, 2012 (Greenhill). The increasing number of children immigrants into the US has revitalized a rancorous nationwide debate regarding the US policies on immigration. President Obama’s critics have been proposing for major immigration reforms to curb the increasing number of children immigrants into the US (Lightfoot). They argue that the situation has stretched the legal and social services receiving the migrants which in turn incurs costs on the tax payers’ money. The issue of influx of children into the US comes from Central America comes at a time when the authorities at the sou thern body record a historic lowest overall detentions of undocumented immigrants. Some people have termed the increasing influx of children into the US has been termed as a humanitarian crisis and others referring to it as national security threat (Dart). According to, the influx of the children is due to the increasing levels of poverty and violence especially in countries such as Mexico that prompt children toShow MoreRelatedMigrant Youth : The United States847 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants come from varying countries in search of the American Dream. This dream entails the belief that their lives can be improved because of the various amounts of opportunities in United States. Due to this, thousands of migrant youth move from Central and South America to Texas in search for a better life. By crossing the Rio Grande border, the migrant youth are escaping the corruption and violence in their native country. Although the migrant youth are in search of a better life in America, the UnitedRead MoreGlobal Influx Of Immigrants During The United States1074 Words    |  5 PagesGlobal Influx of Immigrants In Texas June 5, 2015, A Salvadoran, Mauricio Hernandez, was sentenced to 50 years in prison and faces deportation after his term for raping his own baby (Immigration Issues 2015, Par. 3). Three illegal Immigrants, Uriel Ramirez-Perez, Darwin Zuniga-Rocha, and Eliseo Mateo Perez, were sentenced to time served in jail and deportation after prison term for first-degree sexual abuse (Immigration Issues 2015, Par.10). What do these two incidence have in common; they wereRead MoreThe War On Drugs Is A New Form Of Jim Crow870 Words   |  4 Pagessystem is not broken. In fact, it was designed to mitigate advantages and limitations of certain groups, and create policies , which have racial irrefutable features (Alexander). As the history predicates from slavery to Jim Crow Laws, policies were enacted in America with the intention of marginalizing African Americans. Which in turn created a caste system. At the bottom of the caste are African Americans and at the top are the wealthy and affluent individuals( Alexander).PoliciesRead MoreThe Mexican American Border And Its Effects On The United States Economy906 Words   |  4 Pagessituation which has become known as the Border Crisis. As you may already know, the border runs from Tijuana, Baja California to Tamaulipas and Texas. According to the International Boundary and Water Commission, the border’s length is 1,954 miles and is the most frequently crossed international border, mainly by undocumented immigrants from Mexico and Central America. As an attempt to contain this influx of illegal migration, former President George W. Bush signed the Secure Fence Act of 2006 statingRead MoreThe Impact of Slavery on African Society Essay114 9 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Slavery on African Society Slavery has played a strong role in African society from as early as prehistoric times, continuing to the modern era. Early slavery within Africa was a common practice in many societies, and was very central to the country’s economy. Beginning around the 7th century, two groups of non-African slave traders significantly altered the traditional African forms of slavery that had been practiced in the past. Native Africans were now being forced to leave theRead MoreMexican Educational System.1224 Words   |  5 Pagestake hold. As for the United States, the American education is hard to single out. The United States does not have a national school system; so a single school draws resources from several different public and private institutions (USIA 1). Mexico s current educational system is one of free and compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14 (Saleem). In order to provide for the requirements of this educational system, the Mexican government has had to focus on social infrastructuresRead MoreIssues in American Immigration935 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States has been known as a nation of immigrants almost from its inception. Beginning in the 1600s with English Puritans and continuing today, America is a melting pot of culture and ethnicity. In fact, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, immigration was the major source of U.S. population growth. Looking over our 200+ years we find that to clearly be true, with approximately 1 million immigrants coming to America during the 17th and 18th century. Almost 3 million arrived duringRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory Stemmed from The Polish Peasant in Europe and America by W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki1322 Words   |  6 Pagescriminology and sociology today have stemmed from the infamous sociology department, otherwise known as the â€Å"Chicago School†. Its emphasis on studying people and the natural interactions they have with their surroundings has led to the extensive examination of numerous neighbourhoods within Chicago. Social disorganization theory was one of the many theories that developed from this ecological thinking. It sought to identify the social problems that arose from rapid urbanization and industrializationRead More The Language Barrier Standing in the Way of Puerto Rican Immigrants664 Words   |  3 PagesThe Language Barrier Standing in the Way of Puerto Rican Immigrants The United States of America is regarded to many foreigners as the land of opportunity. To many Puerto Ricans that still live on the island they view the mainland as just that. While other Puerto Ricans cant wait to return to their homeland. Many Puerto Ricans came to the United States because they believed they would not only find better jobs but a better education than on the island. Puerto Ricans first startedRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States887 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States has fluctuated over the years, but it does not hide the fact that the American Dream still acts as a beacon to foreigners. People believe coming to America is the key to a better life. With the overflow of our new neighbors, we transform from a single society into a mixture of several cultures. Immigration is causing America to become a tossed salad society (a society in which ethnic and racial groups maintain separate identities, with no dominant culture) which Americans should acknowledge

Task 601.5.7-02, 03, 5.10.07 Free Essays

Task _601. 5. 7-02,_03,_5. We will write a custom essay sample on Task 601.5.7-02, 03, 5.10.07 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 10. 07 Part C There are many different ways to give a child or group of children positive reinforcement. Though, individual and group positive reinforcement needs to be done in different ways ,there are 4 ways in which you may give positive reinforcement. There are natural positive reinforcers, such as being a team captain, free time, or sitting next to a friend. The second one is edible reinforcers, such as candy, or a pizza party. The fourth is social reinforcement, which is giving positive comments and attention. All four methods are good to use on both individual and group positive reinforcement, but the same reinforcement isn’t as effective on both. For individual positive reinforcement, when a student is following classroom rules a student will get a token for great behavior throughout the day. This reinforcement provides the children with a reward for doing good and incentive to continue following the rules. Another great positive reinforcement for individuals is personally acknowledging the child for correct answers, good behavior, etc. A simple smile, positive attention, or letting the parents know how great the student is doing is in most situations better than any physical reward, it boost the child’s self esteem and confidence in themselves. Competition tends to be a good motivator for kids. Another positive reinforcement for groups could be a party. When the entire class, reaches a certain level of attendance, the teacher could give the class a little party. Even though, not all the students where in class as much as others, it shows the student that you can have rewards when you try and how important it is to go to school. How to cite Task 601.5.7-02, 03, 5.10.07, Essay examples

Status Quo free essay sample

Developing and retaining highly qualified teachers continues to be a critical need (Berry, 2004; Darling-Hammond Sykes, 2003). As more teachers retire and school populations continue to grow, an increasing number of schools, universities, and states are implementing programs to ease induction, develop quality teachers, and inform educational practices. Therefore, many educators are now turning to action research to achieve these goals. The purpose of Grogan, Donaldson, Simmons (2007) article Disrupting the Status Quo is to make an argument that unlike traditional research, action research encourages school personnel to systematically develop a question, gather data, and then analyze that data to improve their practice. The article addresses the key question to the appropriateness and relevance of educational leaders undertaking action research projects as the capstone of their doctoral studies (Grogan, Donaldson, Simmons, 2007). resume writing service grand rapids mi The most important takeaway in this article is that traditional educational preparation programs and the hierarchical structure of public schools tend to perpetuate compliance and maintenance of the status quo. We will write a custom essay sample on Status Quo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, there is a need for transformative learning to help leaders deconstruct conformity to the many social and cultural canons, which have permeated U. S. schools to the detriment of our students. The authors believe that an action research dissertation and mentoring is an essential component in any educational leadership curriculum that aspires to foster the critical, reflective learning that is the hallmark of human and organizational transformation. Gilles Cramer (2003) supports a combination of appropriate coursework and mentoring help new teachers transition quickly into solid, thoughtful, and strategic teachers. The key concept we need to understand is that action research and the fact that the Ed. D is a professional degree does not minimize the rigor or prestige in comparison to a Ph. D. Since the research, focus of an Ed. D is different from that of a Ph. D, action research focuses on generating knowledge that is workable, make sense, and is credible in more than one setting as opposed to acquiring knowledge for its own sake (Grogan, Donaldson, Simmons, 2007). The main assumption that the author is making is that there has to be a change in order to transform the learning process. If we take this line of reasoning serious then there should be no kid left behind. The new generation of educational leaders will also have the tools needed to think critically, identify and solve problems facing their institution of higher learning. If we fail to take this line of reasoning seriously, we could end up in worse economic and educational status. Berry, B. (2004). Recruiting and retaining â€Å"highly qualified teachers† for hard-to-staff schools. NASSP Bulletin, 88(638), 5-27. Darling-Hammond, L. Sykes, G. (2003). Wanted: A national teacher supply policy for education: The right way to meet the â€Å"highly qualified teacher† challenge. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 11(33). Retrieved [22 July 2011] from http://epaa. asu. edu/epaa/v11n33/v11n3 Gilles, C. Cramer, M. (2003, April). The impact of school-university partnerships on classroom teachers and their teaching. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. Grogan M. , Donaldson, J. Simmons J. (2007, May 19). Disrupting the Status Quo: The Action Research Dissertation as a Transformative Strategy. Retrieved from http://cnx. org/content/m14529/1. 2/.

Scarlet Letter And Scapegoats Essays - Salem Witch Trials

Scarlet Letter And Scapegoats In the novel, The Crucible, both scapegoats and vengeance play prominent roles. Abigail Williams exhibits both these characteristics. She committed the greatest of crimes. She destroyed the reputations of many and killed much of her surrounding society. Her power lied in the fact that judges believed her, making all those women who fell victim to her scapegoats. She is the one who triggers off a sense of hate in the play. She tempts John Proctor into lechery, and to escape punishment for dancing, she deflects the actions and blames them on someone else, and does not care how many lives she ruins. Later when she grows into power and influence, she seems to enjoy sending these innocent people to their deaths. Of course, the people she accuses are actually innocent, but she has the ability to manipulate people into believing that she is doing good. Reverend Hale, the witchcraft expert who initiates the problems in Salem, is positive about his belief that there are witches and feels that he carrying out the desires of God himself. Yet, as the play moves on, Hale notices that honest and good people are being sentenced and executed. Abigail lied to get some backing on her accusations by accusing two of the worst ladies in town of being witches, as well as the black slave from Barbados, Tituba. This was very believable, as these women held no social rank among the town. Vengeance is a quality that allows a person to want to seek revenge on another. This is typical of Abigail. She wanted John Proctor, and to get him, she was rounding up accusations of Elizabeth, his wife. Abigail was plotting to get Proctor, she was not just doing it out of the heat of passion, she had it in for his wife. She thought that it was the only thing that stood in her way. She was not going to stop until her death had been accomplished. Also in the play, many other names of towns-women were called out, accusing them of being witches, only for the fact that someone wanted to get revenge on them. For the reasons I have described, the characters in The Crucible make and are made scapegoats, out of vengeance and hatred for them. English Essays

Different Heavy Metals Toxicities Affect the Growth of Baci essays

Different Heavy Metals Toxicities Affect the Growth of Baci essays Heavy metals have toxic effects for almost all the living things, but because of different species variety, heavy metal toxicity affects in different ways for different organisms. For example, bacteria as a group are more sensitive to the heavy metal toxicity than fungi, (Rajapaksha et al, 2004). Heavy metal pollution can come from natural source (e.g. silver metal mine), but most of the times, they are caused by human activities. Industrial wastes are the biggest source of heavy metal pollution, (Bae et al, 2000). People need to use heavy metal salts during plating procedure, dyeing, chemical synthesis and other areas. The common heavy metal wastes are silver salts, copper salts, and mercury compounds. This heavy metal can cause a lot of negative effects in living things. First of all, heavy metal can destroy protein structures, and that will make the protein lost its function. Secondly, heavy metal can accumulate in organisms body, and that might cause long-term effects such as mut ation. Because it is too complex and inhumane to do experiment on human body, we need to find another organism, which allow us to see the effects of toxicity by those heavy metals in a controllable constant environment. In fact, bacteria are the good choice. They are unicellular, and have a short generation period. These advantages let us can easily monitor them for even a long term study. I am going to discuss the effects of three different heavy metal salts on the growth of four species of bacteria. My hypothesis is different heavy metal have different levels toxicity to the organisms, and different species have different responses to the same heavy metal environment. This test will let us understand which one in these three metals are the most toxic one, and it also can show us the degree of toxicity for different metals applied. We followed the procedure from Biology 108 Laboratory Manual 2004-2005. ...

Radio Frequency Identification Implications for the environment Research Paper

Radio Frequency Identification Implications for the environment - Research Paper Example The fundamental technique that forms the background of the technology is that the tagged object has emissions which are encrypted and read by a reader which would then give an output. The reader, as well as the object, is usually placed at a distance which would allow for the transmission of the radiated signals. The distance can vary from a few inches to even over a meter. With the advent of computing technology, the readers have incorporated what bear semblances to the microchips that computers have. The chips are like microprocessors which are able to execute certain commands and even process information intelligently to give logical output. This is what is referred to as smart cards and they also have the virtual digital memory. Every technology has its downside. Likewise, the RFID chips have been proven to impact on the environment (Raymond, 2006). Consequently, in the following discourse, an analysis of the impact that they have on the environment is carried out. The essence of the technology was to ease human interaction. However, it is undeniable that the technology has also had an impact on human life in ways which are detrimental if viewed from the perspective of safeguarding the human community. These include its applications in learning institutions as well for security reasons. The point of detest in this application is that the aspect of privacy which every person should be accorded is in a way violated. Therefore, the essence of human interaction is to allow civility and freedom. In most cases, the tags or chips are usually used to monitor the movements of people. However, natural human interaction is not always limited. Thus, any technological invention which puts imminent threats to the free will of interaction that every person has would be viewed as not good for humanity. Its application comes, for instance, in schools where registered students would be the only ones allowed to access some

Developing Professional Practice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Developing Professional Practice - Coursework Example In particular, they are able to perform the assessment as to whether the professions as well as their organizations are able to engage in what they know and what they understand. As such, they are able to really make a significant difference hence drive the performance of the company (CIPD, 2014). It is mainly the two core professional areas that include the CIPD HR profession map and other behaviors that help to uphold the concept of â€Å"HR professionalism†. These are all covered in the CIPD map in the form of 10 professional areas that encompass 8 types of behavior that are set out within the 4 different bands that are related to competence. The map is thus able to copbver most of the areas in HR professionalism. Band 1 is located at the start of Hr and is extensive up to band 4 that is mainly comprised of senior leaders (Valerio, 2005). The CIPD professional map is highly designed to provide relevance and applicability to most HR professionals who are in operation anywhere around the world. This applies to all sectors as well as organizations of all shapes and sizes. This is because of the way with which it is designed to offer support to a variety of support to every HR professional at all the stages of their career. Through the focus on the core that helps professional to build up the various technical areas that are relevant to their professional areas, these professionals are able to develop a number of insights, strategies and come up with workable solutions. They are able to use the CIPD HR profession map to develop insights and solutions that can be put into action. These are given priorities and developed through a deep understanding of the business. It thus involves both the contextual understanding of the organization (CIPD, 2014). Great professionals in the HR field work better from a contextual and deep understanding of the business and the organization. It helps them to come up with insights and strategies that are actionable and provide them

The Blame game, an interesting perspective Essay

The Blame game, an interesting perspective - Essay Example † provides another reflection on the key causes of child obesity which consist of factors beyond the fast food industry. Child obesity is caused by many elements that consist of nutrition, genetics, and society. Obesity, like other health- related behaviors is one of the chief causes for disability. It is associated with heart disease, heart stroke, high blood pressure, and even cancer. Undoubtedly, childhood obesity is in rise throughout the United States as approximately 9 million of children in the US are obese or overweight. Children in this current generation have a shorter life expectancy due to high rates of obesity as opposed to children 2 decades ago. . Obesity much like other diseases is associated with important risk factors such as heart disease, heart stroke, and even cancer. Many elements contribute to obesity, which is why it is important to address these issues. This paper will seek to address the problem and seek the remedies that could be implemented in order to eliminate this problem. According to Siegal, , fast-food restaurant around schools is a huge public concern that can serve as detrimental for kids in Chicago as the availability and the price of greasy food is extremely low. He further argues that obese children experience peer pressure for not having that perfect body shown on TV as the body to have both psychologically and emotionally. According to his perception, it is ironic how society wants people to have the perfect body but at the same time promotes unhealthy food to children. Consequently, children are faced with emotional distress because there are confused. He justifies his opinion by portraying his recent study shows that those obese children are more likely to have low self-esteem, depression, higher rates of anxiety disorders, and psychopathology Since they are often discriminated and isolated in society, obese children are prone to fail academically. He further on goes to suggest that obese children scored lower an d math and reading test because they lack self-esteem that is so vital towards their academic success. One of the key elements that lacked from Seigal’s argument is the fact that Siegal’s research lacked was the actual eating habits of the students. Since nutrition is not our schools system priority, children have unlimited access to unhealthy foods (Siegal).. In some schools physical education programs have been cut due to lack of funds to support while the contract to vendors with high calories and low quality foods are encouraged within the schools settings. Many of the competitive foods now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value (Siegal).. Indeed, Schools can be viewed as a factor for child obesity. . Since Siegal fails to observe the eating patterns of young children, Miranda Cox argues that other elements as well as fast food industries should also be accounted for. Undoubtedly, the rise of obesity can be blamed for lack of parent’s cooperation, poor nutrition from schools, and the availability of fast food (Siegal).. It would not be fair also to blame the food industry for the poor quality of food being supplied to the children. The lack of regulation from the FDA in the food industry is also the key cause of obesity. Seigal is clear that he wants a clear distinction of buffer zones between fast food chains and schools. However, Miranda Cox ultimately states in her argument that even with

Are Computers Really Intelligent?

Are Computers Really Intelligent? Are computers really intelligent? Computer Intelligence has been in hot debate since the 1950’s when Alan Turing invented the Turing Test. The argument over the years has taken two forms: strong AI versus weak AI:. That is, strong AI hypothesises that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems, with computers having an element of self-awareness, but not necessarily exhibiting human-like thought processes. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_AI). While Weak AI argues that computers can only appear to think and are not actually conscious in the same way as human brains are. (http://www.philosophyonline.co.uk/pom/pom_functionalism_AI.htm). These areas of thinking cause fundamental questions to arise, such as: ‘Can a man-made artefact be conscious?’ and ‘What constitutes consciousness?’ Turing’s 1948 and 1950 papers followed the construction of universal logical computing machines, introducing the prospect that computers could be programmed to execute tasks which would be called intelligent when performed by humans.(Warner 1994: 118). Turing’s idea was to create an imitation-game on which to base the concept of a computer having its own intelligence. A man(A), and a woman (B), are separated from an interrogator, who has to decipher who is the man and who is the woman. As objective is to trick the interrogator, while B tries to help the interrogator in discovering the identities of the other two players.(Goldkind, 1987: 4). Turing asks the question: What will happen when a machine takes the part of A in this game? Will the interrogator decide wrongly as often when the game is played like this as he does when the game is played between a man and a woman?’ (Quoted from Goldkind 1987: 4). Turing’s test offered a simple means test for computer intelligence; one that neatly avoided dealing with the mind-body problem. (Millican, P.J.R., 1996: 11). The fact that Turings test did not introduce variables and was conducted in a controlled environment were just some of its shortfalls. Robert French, in his evaluation of the test in 1996, stated the following: ‘The philosophical claim translates elegantly into an operational definition of intelligence: whatever acts sufficiently intelligent is intelligent.’ However, as he perceived, the test failed to explore the fundamental areas of human cognition, and could be passed ‘only by things that have experienced the world as we have experienced it.’ He thus concluded that ‘the Test provides a guarantee not of intelligence but of culturally-oriented human intelligence.’ (Ibid : 12). Turing postulated that a machine would one day be created to pass his test and would thus be considered intelligent. However, as years of research have explored the complexities of the human brain, the pioneer scientists who promoted the idea of the ‘electronic brain’ have had to re-scale their ideals to create machines which assist human activity rather than challenge or equal our intelligence. John Searle, in his 1980 Chinese Room experiment argued that a computer could not be attributed with the intelligence of a human brain as the processes were too different. In an interview he describes his original experiment: Just imagine that youre the computer, and youre carrying out the steps in a program for something you dont understand. I dont understand Chinese, so I imagine Im locked in a room shuffling Chinese symbols according to a computer program, and I can give the right answers to the right questions in Chinese, but all the same, I dont understand Chinese. All Im doing is shuffling symbols. And now, and this is the crucial point: if I dont understand Chinese on the basis of implementing the program for understanding Chinese, then neither does any other digital computer on that basis because no computers got anything I dont have. (Free Inquiry 1998: 39). John Searle does not believe that consciousness can be reproduced to an equivalent of the human capacity. Instead, it is the biological processes which are responsible for our unique make-up. He says that ‘consciousness is a biological phenomenon like any other and ultimately our understanding out it is most likely to come through biological investigation’ (Searle, 1990 :58-59. Quoted from McCarthy, 2001, http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/’). Considered this way it is indeed far fetched to think that the product of millions of years of biological adaptation can be equalled by the product of a few decades of human thinking. John McCarthy, Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at Stanford University advocates the potential for computational systems to reproduce a state of consciousness, viewing the latter as an ‘abstract phenomenon, currently best realized in biology,’ but arguing that consciousness can be realised by ‘causal systems of the righ t structure.’ (McCarthy, 2001, http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/ ) The famous defeat of Garry Kasparov, the world chess champion, in 1997 by IBMs computer, Deep Blue, promoted a flurry of debate about whether Deep Blue could be considered as intelligent. When asked for his opinion, Herbert Simon, a Carnegie Mellon psychology professor who helped originate the fields of AI and computer chess in the 1950s, said it depended on the definition of intelligence used. AI uses two definitions for intelligence: What are the tasks, which when done by humans, lead us to impute intelligence? and What are the processes humans use to act intelligently? Measured against the first definition, Simon says, Deep Blue certainly is intelligent. (http://whyfiles.org/040chess/main3.html). According to the second definition he claims it partly qualifies.(Ibid). The trouble with the latter definition of intelligence is that scientists don’t as yet know exactly what mechanisms constitute consciousness. John McCarthy, Emeritus professor at Stanford University explains that intelligence is the ‘computational part of the ability to attain goals in the world.’ He emphasises that problems in AI arise as ‘we cannot yet characterise in general what computational procedures we want to call intelligent.’ (McCarthy 2003: 3). To date, computers can perform a good understanding of specific mechanisms through the running of certain programs; what McCarthy deems ‘somewhat intelligent.’ (McCarthy 2004: 3). Computing language has made leaps and bounds during the last century, from the first machine code to mnemonic ’words’ In the 90’s the so-called high-level languages were the type used for programming, with Fortran being the first compiler language. Considering the rapid progress of computer technology since it first began over a hundred years ago, it is likely that unforeseeable developments will occur over the next decade. A simulation of the human imagination might go a long way to convincing people of computer intelligence. However, many believe that it is unlikely that a machine will ever equal the intelligence of the being who created it. Arguably it is the way that computers process information and the speed with which they do it that constitutes its intelligence, thus causing computer performance to appear more impressive than it really is. Programs trace pathways at an amazing rate for example, each move in a game of chess, or each section of a maze can be completed almost instantly. Yet the relatively simple process of trying each potential path fails to impress once it’s realised. (Reed, 2003: 09). Thus, the intelligence is not in the computer, but in the program. For practical purposes, and certainly in the business world, the answer seems to be that if it seems to be intelligent, it doesnt matter whether it really is. (Reed 2003: 09). However, computational research will have a difficult task to explore simulation of, or emulation of, the areas of human cognition. Research continues into the relationship between the mathematical descriptions of human thought and computer thought, hoping to create an identical form.(Wagman, M., 1991: 2). Yet the limits of computer intelligence are still very much at the surface of the technology. In contrast, the flexibility of the human imagination that creates the computer can have little or no limitations. What does this mean for computer intelligence? It means that scientists need to go beyond the mechanisms of the human psyche, and perhaps beyond programming, if they are to identify a type of machine consciousness that would correlate with that of a human.. References Goldkind, J., 1987, Machines and Intelligence: A Critique of Arguments against the Possibility of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Greenwood Press Inquiry. Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism. Volume: 18. Issue: 4. . Page Number: 39+. McCarthy, J., 2001, ‘What is Artificial Intelligence?’ Available online from: ‘http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/’ [Accessed 14/11/06] Millican, P.J.R., 1996, The Legacy of Alan Turing. (Volume1). Oxford: Clarendon Press Online Encyclopedia. Available online from: ‘http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_AI.’ [Accessed 17/11/06] Reed, F., 2003, ‘Artificial Intellect Really Thinking?’. The Washington Times. May 1, 2003. p. B09 Wagman, M., 1991, Artificial Intelligence and Human Cognition: A Theoretical Intercomparison of Two Realms of Intellect. New York: Prager Warner, J, 1994, From Writing to Computers. New York: Routledge URL’S ‘http://www.philosophyonline.co.uk/pom/pom_functionalism_AI.htm’ [Accessed 17/11/06] ‘http://whyfiles.org/040chess/main3.html’ [Accessed 14/11/06] Further Reading DeLancey, C., 2002, Passionate Engines: What Emotions Reveal about Mind and Artificial Intelligence. New York: Oxford University Press Wagman, M., 2000, Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers: Theory and Research in Psychology and Artificial Intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger

Doctor-Assisted Suicide Essay -- Euthanasia Essays

Doctor-Assisted Suicide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Suicide is the act or instance of taking one's own life voluntarily and intentionally especially if that person is of sound mind. Euthanasia is the act or practice of killing individuals who are hopelessly sick or injured for reasons of mercy. Doctor-assisted suicide is a term used to describe the act of a doctor or physician providing direct or indirect means of assisting someone in taking their own life. There are 2 types of euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is withholding life-sustaining treatment either before or after it has been initiated. Active euthanasia is "taking steps to end your life, as in suicide, handling the action yourself" (Humphry 20). It is an explicit act such as writing a lethal prescription or a directly injecting a lethal dose. Approximately 30,000 Americans kill themselves every year. This means that the rate of suicide is about 11.0 per 100,000 people. This rate is just the average, and it varies greatly among sexes and races. The suicide r ate for males is 19.8, but the rate for females is 3.8. This difference in rates appears deceptive because females are 3 times more likely to attempt suicide than males. Males are just more effective in their methods. White Americans have a higher rate of suicide than any other ethnic group. It is believed that homosexuals have a much greater rate than heterosexuals, but this is difficult to research because many homosexuals hide their sexual orientation from fear of persecution. The terminally ill are most closely associated with the doctor-assisted suicide issue. Many in this group argue that once all medical care has failed, then one has the right to hasten death to avoid pain and suffering. If a person is going to inevitably die from a painful disease, then that person should have the right to decide when, where, and how death comes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many ways for one to commit suicide. The 2 major types are self-inflicted and assisted. Despite the popular issue of legalizing doctor-assisted suicide, most suicides remain self-inflicted. Zeinert describes the statistics:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the majority of those who commit suicide do so by shooting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  themselves. In fact, the latest statistics available from the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NCHS show that 59 percent of all suicides were committed   Ã‚  ... ...ks Cited Cohen, Adam. "Showdown for Doctor Death." Time 7 Dec. 1998.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 Nov. 2001 <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1998/dom/981207/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  nation.showdown_for_doc2a.html>. Greenhouse, Linda. "Justices Uphold Laws Banning Assisted Suicide." The New York Times on the Web 27 June 1997. 30 Oct. 2001 <http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/07/20/reviews/scotus-suicide.html>. "High Court Rejects Constitutional Right To Doctor-Assisted Suicide." American Civil Liberties Union News 26 June 1997. 30 Oct. 2001 <http://www.aclu.org/news/n062697g.html>. Humphry, Derek. Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assisted Suicide for the Dying. Eugene: The Hemlock Society, 1991. Katz, Stephen R. "Doctor Assisted Suicide-a Bad Oxymoron and a Bad Idea." Connecticut Post 27 Apr. 1998. 30 Oct. 2001 <http://pages.prodigy.com/DOCTORINFORM/suicide.html>. Torr, James, ed. Euthanasia: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven P, 2000. Uhlmann, Michael, ed. Last Rights? Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Debated. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1998. Zeinert, Karen. Suicide: Tragic Choice. Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers, 1999.

Independent and depentent variables of psychology Essay

* Independent variable – The variable that is manipulated to test its effects on the dependent variable. * Dependent variable – The variable that is measured to see how it is changed by manipulations in the independent variable. Scenarios 1 Coach Jones has noticed that her players tend to shoot a higher percentage from the free throw line when they play away, rather than at home. Surprised at this trend, she and her assistants decide to test this by comparing free-throw percentages over the course of a year. a Independent variable- Playing at away vs. home b Dependent variable- Free throws 2 Mr. Feldman has noticed the students in his high school Biology class tend to do better on tests taken on Friday, rather than tests taken on Monday. He decides to test the hypotheses. a Independent variable- Testing date b Dependent variable- Testing scores 3 John, Wendy, and Sean, all avid fishermen, have noticed that they always seem to catch more fish when it is raining outside. They decide to test the hypotheses. a Independent variable-The rainy weather b Dependent variable- The chance of catching more fish 4 Tony has designed a study to determine if alcohol really inhibits one’s ability to drive a car. a Independent variable- Alcohol b Dependent variable- Ability to drive 5 Does eating spinach really make you stronger? a Independent variable – Spinach b Dependent variable- Strength 6 Does staying physically fit increase your chances of living longer? a Independent variable- Fitness. b Dependent variable- Longer life. 7 Does taking classes in college really make you smarter? a Independent variable- College b Dependent variable- Intelligence 8 Is it true that animals that listen to classical music make happier pets? a Independent variable- Classical music b Dependent variable- Happy pets 9 Hypothesis: The taller a person is, the more likely they are to enjoy chocolate ice cream. a Independent variable- Being Tall b Dependent variable- Chocolate ice cream. 10 Hypothesis: The more a student attends class, the better they do on exam grades. a Independent variable- Attendance b Dependent variable- Higher exam score 11 Does peer pressure negatively affect teenagers attendance in school? a Independent variable- Peer pressure b Dependent variable- Poor attendance 12. A researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. a.Independent variable- Consuming chocolate c Dependent variable- Nervousness 13. A researcher wants to know whether feeling nervous makes people eat chocolate. a. Independent variable- Nervousness b. Dependent variable- Consuming chocolate 14. Professor Marshall wants to know if eating sweets for a bedtime snack makes children active. a. Independent variable- Sweets b. Dependent variable- More active at bedtime 15. A researcher plans to investigate whether a cup of hot milk at night helps people relax so that they fall asleep quickly. a. Independent variable- Cup of hot milk b Dependent variable- relax and sleepiness 16. Gabrielle conducted a small experiment examining the effects of music on time perception. She had three groups of subjects. Group 1 was exposed to classical music, group 2 was exposed to contemporary rock and the third group received no music. a. Independent variable- Music i.e.; classical & contemporary rock & silence b. Dependent variable- Perception of time. 17 A study was done on the effects of punishment on self-esteem. a. Independent variable-Punishment b. Dependent variable- Self-esteem

Second Battle of Bull Run of the American Civil War

Second Battle of Bull Run of the American Civil War The Second Battle of Bull Run (also called the Second Manassas, Groveton, Gainesville, and Brawners Farm) took place during the second year of the American Civil War. It was a major disaster for the Union forces and a turning point in both strategy and leadership for the North in the attempt to bring the war to its conclusion. Fought in late August of 1862 near Manassas, Virginia, the two-day brutal battle was one of the bloodiest of the conflict. Overall, casualties totaled 22,180, with 13,830 of those Union soldiers. Background The first Battle of the Bull Run occurred 13 months earlier when both sides had gone gloriously to war for their separate notions of what the ideal United States should be. Most people believed that it would take only one big decisive battle to resolve their differences. But the North lost the first Bull Run battle, and by August of 1862, the war had become an unrelentingly brutal affair. In the spring of 1862, Maj. Gen. George McClellan ran the Peninsula Campaign to recapture the Confederate capital at Richmond, in a grueling series of battles that culminated in the Battle of Seven Pines. It was a partial Union victory, but the emergence of the Confederate Robert E. Lee as a military leader in that battle would cost the North dearly. Leadership Change Maj. Gen. John Pope was appointed by Lincoln in June of 1862 to command the Army of Virginia as a replacement for McClellan. Pope was far more aggressive than McClellan but was generally despised by his chief commanders, all of whom technically outranked him. At the time of the second Manassas, Popes new army had three corps of 51,000 men, led by Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks, and Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell. Eventually, another 24,000 men would join from parts of three corps from McClellans Army of the Potomac, led by Maj. Gen. Jesse Reno. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee was also new to the leadership: His military star rose at Richmond. But unlike Pope, Lee was an able tactician and admired and respected by his men. In the run-up to the Second Bull Run battle, Lee saw that the Union forces were yet divided, and sensed an opportunity existed to destroy Pope before heading south to finish McClellan. The Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two wings of 55,000 men, commanded by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet and Maj. Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson.   A New Strategy for the North One of the elements that surely led to the fierceness of the battle was the change in strategy from the North. President Abraham Lincolns original policy allowed southern noncombatants who had been captured to go back to their farms and escape the cost of war. But the policy failed miserably. Noncombatants continued to support the South in ever-increasing ways, as suppliers for food and shelter, as spies on the Union forces, and as participants in guerrilla warfare. Lincoln instructed Pope and other generals to begin pressuring the civilian population by bringing some of the hardships of war to them. In particular, Pope ordered harsh penalties for guerilla attacks, and some in Popes army interpreted this to mean pillage and steal. That enraged Robert E. Lee. In July of 1862, Pope had his men concentrate at Culpeper courthouse on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad about 30 miles north of Gordonsville between the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers. Lee  sent Jackson and the left wing to move north to Gordonsville to meet Pope. On Aug. 9, Jackson defeated Banks corps at  Cedar Mountain, and by Aug. 13, Lee moved Longstreet north as well.   Timeline of Key Events Aug. 22–25: Several indecisive skirmishes took place across and along the Rappahannock River. McClellans forces began to join Pope, and in response Lee sent Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuarts cavalry division around to the Union right flank. Aug. 26: Marching northward, Jackson seized Popes supply depot in the woods at Groveton, and then struck at the Orange Alexandria Railroad Bristoe Station. Aug. 27: Jackson captured and destroyed the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction, forcing Pope into retreat from the Rappahannock. Jackson routed the New Jersey Brigade near Bull Run Bridge, and another battle was fought at Kettle Run, resulting in 600 casualties. During the night, Jackson moved his men north to the first Bull Run battlefield. Aug. 28: At 6:30 p.m., Jackson ordered his troops to attack a Union column as it marched along the Warrenton Turnpike. The battle was engaged on Brawner Farm, where it lasted until dark. Both sustained heavy losses. Pope misinterpreted the battle as a retreat and ordered his men to trap Jacksons men. Aug. 29: At 7:00 in the morning, Pope sent a group of men against a Confederate position north of the turnpike in a series of uncoordinated and largely unsuccessful attacks. He sent conflicting instructions to do this to his commanders, including Maj. Gen. John Fitz Porter, who chose not to follow them. By afternoon, Longstreets Confederate troops reached the battlefield and deployed on Jacksons right, overlapping the Union left. Pope continued to misinterpret the activities and did not receive news of Longstreets arrival until after dark. Aug. 30: The morning was quiet- both sides took the time to confer with their lieutenants. By afternoon, Pope continued to assume incorrectly that the Confederates were leaving, and began planning a massive attack to pursue them. But Lee had gone nowhere, and Popes commanders knew that. Only one of his wings ran with him. Lee and Longstreet moved forward with 25,000 men against the Unions left flank. The North was repelled, and Pope faced disaster. What prevented Popes death or capture was a heroic stand on Chinn Ridge and Henry House Hill, which distracted the South and bought enough time for Pope to withdraw across Bull Run towards Washington around 8:00 p.m. Aftermath The humiliating defeat of the North at the second Bull Run included 1,716 killed, 8,215 wounded and 3,893 missing from the North, a total of 13,824 alone from Popes army. Lee suffered 1,305 killed and 7,048 wounded. Pope blamed his defeat on a conspiracy of his officers for not joining in the attack on Longstreet, and court-martialed Porter for disobedience. Porter was convicted in 1863 but exonerated in 1878. The Second Battle of Bull Run was a sharp contrast to the first. Lasting two days of brutal, bloody battle, it was the worst the war had yet seen. To the Confederacy, the win was the crest of their northward-rushing movement, beginning their first invasion when Lee reached the Potomac River in Maryland on Sept. 3. To the Union, it was a devastating defeat, sending the North into a depression that was only remedied by the quick mobilization needed to repel the invasion of Maryland. The Second Manassas is a study of the ills that pervaded the Union high command in Virginia before U.S. Grant was chosen to head up the army. Popes incendiary personality and policies bared a deep schism among his officers, Congress and the North. He was relieved of his command on Sept. 12, 1862, and Lincoln moved him out to Minnesota to participate in the Dakota Wars with the Sioux. Sources Hennessy, John J. Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Print.Luebke, Peter C. Second Manassas Campaign. Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities 2011. Web. Accessed April 13, 2018.Tompkins, Gilbert. The Unlucky Right Wing. The North American Review 167.504 (1898): 639–40. Print.Wert, Jeffry. Second Battle of Manassas: Union Major General John Pope Was No Match for Robert E. Lee. History.net. 1997 [2006]. Web. Accessed April 13, 2018.Zimm, John. This Wicked Rebellion: Wisconsin Civil War Soldiers Write Home. The Wisconsin Magazine of History 96.2 (2012): 24–27. Print.

Cutaneous Respiration Lab essays

Cutaneous Respiration Lab essays The regulation of salt (NaCl) t isotonic with blood plasma presents a water balance problem, and any environmental fluid not possessing the exact same mixture The importance of the ability of amphibians to osmoregulate in air cannot be minimized because they were the first vertebrate group to exploit the terrestrial environment. More recent vertebrate evolutionary lineages, the reptiles, birds and mammals, have developed adaptations such as more impervious integuments, more efficient kidneys, and the amniotic egg which have freed them more Toads may be expected to have anatomical or physiological mechanisms that allow them to conserve water more efficiently than frogs during short-term exposure to air. Alternatively, the toads exploitation of land more due to behavioral adaptations such as burrowing or nocturnal abilities. In this experiment, we have compared the amount of water loss experienced by an aquatic frog species, and a terrestrially adaptive toad species through their skins. The experimental procedure exposes individuals to the two types of amphibians to dry...

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 28

Case Study Example In the absence of emotional intelligence, the company will not be able to respond to the changes in the external environment promptly. Instead of the conventional qualities of managers, the company is building more focus on strengthening their emotional intelligence. 10.2) I think that Johnson & Johnson has taken the right initiative to improve emotional intelligence of its employees. Training programs will be helpful in making the employees realize how emotional intelligence can benefit the company and also groom their personality. However, training programs won’t be productive if employees do not practice what they learn from training in their daily activities. So apart from training them on emotional intelligence skills, proper monitoring has to be done to ensure that all managers are engaged in improvement. And yes, it is really fruitful to discuss abilities while evaluating performance so that timely training, coaching and feedback is given to employees so that they fix it up before the results gets worse. 10.3) Emotional intelligence will definitely help Johnson & Johnson avoid recalls because when the emotional intelligence of managers is high, they will be able to have better control on their nerves and they will perform without stress. It will also help them take right and timely decisions when it comes to quality and manufacturing so that recalls can be avoided. Emotional intelligence is a combination of a number of skills such as anger management, stress control, self awareness etc. By mastering these emotions, managers can definitely play a role in escalating profits for Johnson &

Research Methods Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Research Methods - Dissertation Example The philosophy adhered to by the research methodology employed in this study is Social Constructivism-Interpretivism. It gathers information from people’s viewpoints and their various perspectives to get a picture of the social environment they move in (Gay et al., 2009). The researcher chose this philosophy because it is the most fitting in helping the study answer the research questions since it goes directly to the people concerned in this study for their own inputs.Exploring teachers’ views on inclusion takes more than just extracting what they know about it. Probing deeper into the matter, one would be able to derive their thoughts, feelings and personal insights on how inclusion affects them. In doing so, teachers may be introspective and assess their own attitudes, behaviors, and performance as teachers in inclusive educational settings. This is the outcome envisioned by this study. In order to achieve that, the methodology of questionnaire and focus group interv iew will be undertaken.Questionnaires are effective means of collecting data from the research participants, with the aim of obtaining their personal views on various issues. Participants may feel more secure and confident in answering them due to their anonymous nature since filling out their names is optional. Campbell et al. (2004) describe questionnaires as: â€Å"†¦a very versatile data-gathering method; they are cheap, easy to administer no matter how many participants are expected to fill them out.... Merriam (1998) defines qualitative research as â€Å"an umbrella concept covering several forms of inquiry that help us understand and explain the meaning of social phenomena with as little disruption of the natural setting as possible†(p.5). The qualitative approach is selected because it is the most suited in eliciting the needed information regarding the insights teachers have about inclusion in their own context. Such approach can delve deeper beneath the surface as the researcher may ask probing questions that the participants may answer, and this is not possible with quantitative methods which may limit the responses to only measurable choices. Philosophy The philosophy adhered to by the research methodology employed in this study is Social Constructivism-Interpretivism. It gathers information from people’s viewpoints and their various perspectives to get a picture of the social environment they move in (Gay et al., 2009). Their opinions and insights will then be interpreted in accordance to the concepts discussed in the review of literature. The researcher chose this philosophy because it is the most fitting in helping the study answer the research questions since it goes directly to the people concerned in this study for their own inputs. Research Methods Exploring teachers’ views on inclusion takes more than just extracting what they know about it. Probing deeper into the matter, one would be able to derive their thoughts, feelings and personal insights on how inclusion affects them. In doing so, teachers may be introspective and assess their own attitudes, behaviors and performance as teachers in inclusive educational settings. This is the outcome envisioned by this study. In order to achieve that, the methodology of questionnaire and focus group